2024 Self determination ap human geography

This AP® Human Geography study guide will explore those forces that divide (centrifugal) or unify (centripetal) a country. We will define centrifugal and centripetal forces and how they can originate in political, economic or cultural dimensions. We will also discuss why these two forces are vital to the survival of the state.. Candm lumber

The study of the effects of geography on politics and relations among states/countries. Territoriality. A willingness by one person or a group of people to defend space they claim. People express their territoriality when they influence others or shape events by asserting control over a space. semi-autonomous Region.AP Human Geography Ethnicity & Political Geography. Term. 1 / 34. Nationalism. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 34. A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation, shared over common history, culture, but not necessarily political history. Click the card to flip 👆. Self-Determination. Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves. Sharecropper. ... AP Human Geography Chapter 6 Test Review. 35 terms. naj_johnson.1. fear that other ethnicities would also declare independence from Russia if Russia loses to Chechnya. 2. Chechnya is resource rich, has many deposits of petroleum. Political stability is key to economic prosperity and investment by foreign petroleum companies. What's the main problem in the Caucasus region? AP Human Geography Ethnicity & Political Geography. Term. 1 / 34. Nationalism. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 34. A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation, shared over common history, culture, but not necessarily political history. Click the card to flip 👆. A1. Describe one or more of the following: finance, insurance, real estate, retailing, wholesaling, communications, transportation, administrative, management, health care, media, education, governance, tourism and leisure, food and hospitality, accounting, legal, technology, architecture, or engineering A2.Step 1: 2.5 hours. Step 2: 1 hour. Step 3: 2 hours. Step 4: 2.5 hours. It should take approximately eight hours to study for the AP Human Geography exam. Of course, you can always extend the time you spend reviewing content if you're rusty on a bunch of different topics or just want to be extra thorough. Devolution is the transfer of power from a central government to a lower level of government, such as a regional or local government. Devolution is often used as a way to decentralize decision-making and to give more autonomy to lower levels of government. Devolution can take many forms, and the specific powers and responsibilities that are ...May 27, 2019 · Self-determination theory is a psychological framework for understanding human motivation. It was developed by psychologists Richard Ryan and Edward Deci and grew out of research on intrinsic motivation, or the internal desire to do something for its own sake, not for an external reward. Self-determination theory states that people are driven ... In principle, Americans and American foreign policy support the right to self-determination, which is essentially the right of a group of people to control the political system of the territory in which they live. Indeed, the United States itself was born of a rebellion by separatists living in a marginalized, peripheral region of the British ... Self-Determination: States within a state may begin to defect and potentially create their own borders within the original state. Define and provide examples of "forward" capitals "forward" capitals are capitals of a state that have been relocated in their country to allow a political or economical advantage. Sep 28, 2022 · Overview: Self Determination. Type. Independence. Definition (1) The right of an individual or group to control their own life. Definition (2) The process by which an individual or group control their own life. Definition (3) The power and motivation of an individual or group to control their own life. Verified answer. accounting. Project 1 requires an original investment of $125,000. The project will yield cash flows of$50,000 per year for 10 years. Project 2 has a calculated net present value of $135,000 over an eight-year life. Project 1 could be sold at the end of eight years for a price of$8,000. (A) Determine the net present value of ...Definition:the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation. Example: United States. Geopolitics. Definition:the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state. Example: border conflicts. Regionalism. Definition:loyalty to the interests of a particular region.Sep 25, 2017 · Fifty independent countries existed in 1920. Today, there are nearly two hundred. One of the motivating forces behind this wave of country-creation was self-determination —the concept that nations (groups of people united by ethnicity, language, geography, history, or other common characteristics) should be able to determine their political ... The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. Au. The African Union (AU) is a union consisting of 54 African states. The only African state that is not a member is Morocco.Jan 12, 2023 · Political geography is the study of the political organization of the world, including the boundaries and power relations between states, the role of international organizations, and the ways in which political processes and events shape and are shaped by spatial patterns. Political geographers also study the distribution of power and resources ... See full list on library.fiveable.me A. ethnonationalism. Answer: Ethnonationalism is when the people of a country identify as having one common ethnicity, language, and religion, which creates a sense of pride and ties them to the territory. It often unites against a common enemy. Therefore, it is a centripetal force, not a centrifugal force.a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government. Have a sovereignty. Synonym for Country. Ex: Denmark, Japan. Nation. A group of people that has a common ancestry regardless of it controlling a territory; an ethnic concept. Ex: The Jewish nation, Native Americans. City-States.Terms in this set (45) Frontier. a zone where no state exercises complete political control. Physical Boundaries. coincide with significant features of the natural landscape. Cultural Boundaries. follow the distribution of cultural characteristics. Compact State. the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly. More from Mr. SinnUltimate Review Packets:AP Human Geography: https://bit.ly/3JNaRqMAP Psychology: https://bit.ly/3vs9s43APHG Teacher Resources: https://bit....process by which a state breaks down because of conflicts among its ethnicities. Border Landscape. There are two types: Exclusionary and Inclusionary. Exclusionary is meant to keep people out. Inclusionary is meant to facilitate trade and movement. Examples: Exclusionary- US-Mexico border. Inclusionary- US-Canada border.Territoriality - AP Human Geography. Academic Tutoring. Which of these descriptions most accurately describes an exclave? Which of these is an example of an elongated state? Math Tutors in Seattle Computer Science Tutors in New York City Physics Tutors in Atlanta SSAT Tutors in Houston Spanish Tutors in Dallas Fort Worth Spanish Tutors in Miami ...A form of multi-ethnic state, that contains two ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. Centripetal Force. An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. (Example: Nationalism) "directed toward the center".Anthropographic boundaries. geographic boundaries created by human features distributed across land, like language or religion. Geometric boundaries. straight lines that serve as political boundaries. Defining boundaries (step 1) A legal document (like a treaty) where specific boundaries points are described. Dependency Theory. States that LDCs tend to have a higher dependency ratio, the ratio of the number of people under 15 or over 64 to the number in the labor force. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The value of the total number of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year). Gross National Product (GNP)For AP Human Geography. Term. Definition. Ethnicity. A group who share a common identity. Was used as an alternative to term for race. It not just physical characteristics, it also about the person's social and cultural identity. Often illustrated through music, art, or religious traditions. Ethnic Provinces.Neoliberalism is a policy model of social studies and economics that transfers control of economic factors to the private sector from the public sector. It takes from the basic principles of ...AP Human Geography Unit IV. Political Organization of Space Multiple Choice Questions. 1. A region not fully integrated into a national state that is often marginal or undeveloped is a called a . A) stateless nation. B) frontier. C) core. D) heartland. E) functional. 2. Which of the following locations would still be considered a frontier region?A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people. A condition of roughly equal strengths between opposing countries or alliances of countries. An invisible line than marks the extent of a state's territory. A sovereign state comprises a city and it's immediately surrounding country side.The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. Au. The African Union (AU) is a union consisting of 54 African states. The only African state that is not a member is Morocco. a term associated with the work of Sacks and Andes that describes the efforts of human societies to influence events and achieve social goals by exerting, and attempting to enforce, control over specific geographical areas. landlocked. an interior country or state that is surrounded by land. micro-state.A nation is a large group of people who share a common history/cultural characteristics with a history of self-determination. A state is a geographic area organized into one political unit. Nations deal with groups of people with a culture tied to a hearth/homeland, while a state is a territory with a recognized government. A form of multi-ethnic state, that contains two ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. Centripetal Force. An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. (Example: Nationalism) "directed toward the center". a force that divides people and countries. a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland. the part of a governmental unit which oversees noncriminal matters. attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.self-determination 29.L a n dl ock e state sth i mp yur b the land of other states, which gives it a disadvantage in terms of accessibility to and from international trade routes 30. L awof the sbl i ngr d responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources. Barron's AP Human Geography - Unit 4a geographical feature on land such as a valley, defile or a bridge, or at sea such as a straight which an armed force is forced to pass, therefore greatly decreasing its combat, in order to reach its objective. City-State. a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside. Colonialism. attempt by one country to establish ...Devolution is the transfer of power from a central government to a lower level of government, such as a regional or local government. Devolution is often used as a way to decentralize decision-making and to give more autonomy to lower levels of government. Devolution can take many forms, and the specific powers and responsibilities that are ...AP Human Geography Unit 7 Vocabulary. 37 terms. ronit_barman1. Verified questions. question. Managing your checking account is a responsibility. You should write ...AP Human Geography Unit 4 Vocabulary. 5.0 (11 reviews) Political map. Click the card to flip 👆. A map demonstrating all man made borders between countries, states, cities, or any areas that are divided by some form of border. Example: A map depicting the border that is drawn between the Untied States, Mexico, and Canada would be an example ...Jan 16, 2022 · AP Human Geography Test Prep / AP Human Geography: Exam Prep Course / Politics, Nations & Geography Chapter. Political Power & Territoriality Lesson; Transcript Reed Hepler, Nate Sullivan, Lesley ... Ethnicity. The identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of a common heredity and cultural traditions (e.g. Native Americans) Multi-Ethnic State. A state that contains more than one ethnicity. Race. The identity with a group of people that descended from a common ancestor (e.g. African Americans)Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Geopolitics, Self-Determination, Sovereignty and more. 64 terms · Geopolitics → Study of interplay among geogr…, Self-Determination → One's own government, Sovereignty → A state that has it's own inde…, Theocracy → Government ran by religion, Global Commons → Does ...The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. Au. The African Union (AU) is a union consisting of 54 African states. The only African state that is not a member is Morocco.What is regionalism AP Human Geography? Self – determination . the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will. Sovereignty. government free from external control. Political Geography. A subdivision of human geography focused on the nature and implications of the evolving spatial organization of political governance and formal political practice on the Earth's surface. It is concerned with why political spaces emerge in the places that they do and with how the character of those spaces affects social ...Self Determination. Self-determination is the principle that people have the right to determine their own political status and pursue their own economic, social, and cultural development. This can involve the right to form a sovereign state or to seek greater autonomy or independence within a state.The Holocaust. Wilson’s Fourteen Points were based on a major idea—the principle of self-determination, under which nationalities would have their own states. The members of a nationality or ethnic group share a cultural heritage, often associated with the place of its members’ birth or descent. With the collapse of the Ottoman, Russian ...Verified answer. accounting. Project 1 requires an original investment of $125,000. The project will yield cash flows of$50,000 per year for 10 years. Project 2 has a calculated net present value of $135,000 over an eight-year life. Project 1 could be sold at the end of eight years for a price of$8,000. (A) Determine the net present value of ...Terms in this set (45) Frontier. a zone where no state exercises complete political control. Physical Boundaries. coincide with significant features of the natural landscape. Cultural Boundaries. follow the distribution of cultural characteristics. Compact State. the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.Definition:the territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of a nation. Example: United States. Geopolitics. Definition:the study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state. Example: border conflicts. Regionalism. Definition:loyalty to the interests of a particular region. Verified answer. accounting. Project 1 requires an original investment of $125,000. The project will yield cash flows of$50,000 per year for 10 years. Project 2 has a calculated net present value of $135,000 over an eight-year life. Project 1 could be sold at the end of eight years for a price of$8,000. (A) Determine the net present value of ...Political Organization of Space - AP Human Geography. Academic Tutoring. » Political Organization of Space. Which of the following belongs to the "Quinary Sector" of the economy? The Great Wall of China is an example of which kind of boundary? GMAT Tutors in Boston GRE Tutors in Houston Computer Science Tutors in Denver Calculus Tutors in ... Jan 30, 2020 · CHECK OUT THE NEW UPDATED VIDEO FOR 4.1! https://youtu.be/Vq3WPx47QUMThis video is the first of many videos to come that go over the information in unit 4 of... Self Determination. Self-determination is the principle that people have the right to determine their own political status and pursue their own economic, social, and cultural development. This can involve the right to form a sovereign state or to seek greater autonomy or independence within a state.CHECK OUT THE NEW UPDATED VIDEO FOR 4.1! https://youtu.be/Vq3WPx47QUMThis video is the first of many videos to come that go over the information in unit 4 of...A1. Fall of, end, or breakup of the Soviet Union A2. Fall of or end of communism in Europe *Do not accept fall of or end of communism in the world or globally. A3. End of the Cold War A4. Fall of the Berlin Wall or Iron Curtain; reunification of Germany A5. Fall of, end of, or breakup of Yugoslavia A6. Break-up of Czechoslovakia A7. You’ll explore the patterns associated with human populations. Topics may include: Population density and how it affects society and the environment. Theories of population growth and decline. Population and immigration policies and their effects. The causes and effects of migration. On The Exam. 12%–17% of multiple-choice score. AP Human Geography Unit IV. Political Organization of Space Multiple Choice Questions. 1. A region not fully integrated into a national state that is often marginal or undeveloped is a called a . A) stateless nation. B) frontier. C) core. D) heartland. E) functional. 2. Which of the following locations would still be considered a frontier region?AP Human Geography Chapter 11. 22 terms. Norma_Urrutia9. Other sets by this creator. American Law. 69 terms. Norma_Urrutia9. BIOL101 Mid3. 108 terms. Norma_Urrutia9 ...A1. Describe one or more of the following: finance, insurance, real estate, retailing, wholesaling, communications, transportation, administrative, management, health care, media, education, governance, tourism and leisure, food and hospitality, accounting, legal, technology, architecture, or engineering A2. self-determination 29.L a n dl ock e state sth i mp yur b the land of other states, which gives it a disadvantage in terms of accessibility to and from international trade routes 30. L awof the sbl i ngr d responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources. Barron's AP Human Geography - Unit 4Need help reviewing for AP HUG?! Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! A Packet made by Mr. Sinn to help you succeed not only on the AP Te...A. ethnonationalism. Answer: Ethnonationalism is when the people of a country identify as having one common ethnicity, language, and religion, which creates a sense of pride and ties them to the territory. It often unites against a common enemy. Therefore, it is a centripetal force, not a centrifugal force.Self Determination. Self-determination is the principle that people have the right to determine their own political status and pursue their own economic, social, and cultural development. This can involve the right to form a sovereign state or to seek greater autonomy or independence within a state.Anthropographic boundaries. geographic boundaries created by human features distributed across land, like language or religion. Geometric boundaries. straight lines that serve as political boundaries. Defining boundaries (step 1) A legal document (like a treaty) where specific boundaries points are described.An area organized into a political unity and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs (Synonym: country) *A good example of a formal or uniform region. *Largest is Russia. Sovereignty. Independence (obtained by a state) from control of its internal affairs by other states. A form of multi-ethnic state, that contains two ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. Centripetal Force. An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. (Example: Nationalism) "directed toward the center".Ethnicity. The identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of a common heredity and cultural traditions (e.g. Native Americans) Multi-Ethnic State. A state that contains more than one ethnicity. Race. The identity with a group of people that descended from a common ancestor (e.g. African Americans)AP Human Geography Test Prep / AP Human Geography: Exam Prep Course / Politics, Nations & Geography Chapter. Political Power & Territoriality Lesson; Transcript Reed Hepler, Nate Sullivan, Lesley ...AP Human Geography: Political Geography Vocab chapter 8 examples. 3.8 (4 reviews) Term. 1 / 58. Antecedent Boundary. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 58. A boundary that was drawn across an area prior to the area becoming substantially-populated (e.g. border between Malaysia and Indonesia) The study of the effects of geography on politics and relations among states/countries. Territoriality. A willingness by one person or a group of people to defend space they claim. People express their territoriality when they influence others or shape events by asserting control over a space. semi-autonomous Region. Terms in this set (45) Frontier. a zone where no state exercises complete political control. Physical Boundaries. coincide with significant features of the natural landscape. Cultural Boundaries. follow the distribution of cultural characteristics. Compact State. the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly. A form of multi-ethnic state, that contains two ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. Centripetal Force. An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. (Example: Nationalism) "directed toward the center".Devolution is the transfer of power from a central government to a lower level of government, such as a regional or local government. Devolution is often used as a way to decentralize decision-making and to give more autonomy to lower levels of government. Devolution can take many forms, and the specific powers and responsibilities that are ...A1. Describe one or more of the following: finance, insurance, real estate, retailing, wholesaling, communications, transportation, administrative, management, health care, media, education, governance, tourism and leisure, food and hospitality, accounting, legal, technology, architecture, or engineering A2. Political geography is the study of the political organization of the world, including the boundaries and power relations between states, the role of international organizations, and the ways in which political processes and events shape and are shaped by spatial patterns. Political geographers also study the distribution of power and resources ...Self-Determination: States within a state may begin to defect and potentially create their own borders within the original state. Define and provide examples of "forward" capitals "forward" capitals are capitals of a state that have been relocated in their country to allow a political or economical advantage. The ways in which cultural groups make decisions, settle conflicts, and govern themselves. Territory. An area which is under the control of another state or government and does not have sovereignty. State. A country or an organized political organization and has sovereignty. Sovereignty. Supreme power or authority.Verified answer. accounting. Arun and Margot want to admit Tammy as a third partner for their partnership. Their capital balances prior to Tammy’s admission are $50,000 each. Prepare a schedule showing how the bonus should be divided among the three, assuming the profit or loss agreement will be 1:3 once Tammy has been admitted and her ... AP Human Geography Unit 4 Vocabulary. 5.0 (11 reviews) Political map. Click the card to flip 👆. A map demonstrating all man made borders between countries, states, cities, or any areas that are divided by some form of border. Example: A map depicting the border that is drawn between the Untied States, Mexico, and Canada would be an example ...AP Human Geography 2001 Free-Response Questions These materials were produced by Educational Testing Service (ETS), which develops and administers the examinations of the Advanced Placement Program for the College Board. The College Board and Educational Testing Service (ETS) are dedicated to the principle of equal opportunity, and theirIn principle, Americans and American foreign policy support the right to self-determination, which is essentially the right of a group of people to control the political system of the territory in which they live. Indeed, the United States itself was born of a rebellion by separatists living in a marginalized, peripheral region of the British ...Self-Determination. Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves. Sharecropper. ... AP Human Geography Chapter 6 Test Review. 35 terms. naj_johnson. self-determination. concept that countries have the right to govern themselves. sharecropper. a person who works fields rented from a land owner and pays for the rent of and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. racist. a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism.Introduction / Definition. At its most basic, the principle of self-determination can be defined as a community's right to choose its political destiny. This can include choices regarding the exercise of sovereignty and independent external relations (external self-determination) or it can refer to the selection of forms of government (internal ...Mar 1, 2022 · This AP® Human Geography study guide will explore those forces that divide (centrifugal) or unify (centripetal) a country. We will define centrifugal and centripetal forces and how they can originate in political, economic or cultural dimensions. We will also discuss why these two forces are vital to the survival of the state. Anthropographic boundaries. geographic boundaries created by human features distributed across land, like language or religion. Geometric boundaries. straight lines that serve as political boundaries. Defining boundaries (step 1) A legal document (like a treaty) where specific boundaries points are described.

Ethnicity. The identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of a common heredity and cultural traditions (e.g. Native Americans) Multi-Ethnic State. A state that contains more than one ethnicity. Race. The identity with a group of people that descended from a common ancestor (e.g. African Americans). My america

Sep 25, 2017 · Fifty independent countries existed in 1920. Today, there are nearly two hundred. One of the motivating forces behind this wave of country-creation was self-determination —the concept that nations (groups of people united by ethnicity, language, geography, history, or other common characteristics) should be able to determine their political ... Verified answer. psychology. Parkinson's disease is specifically associated with low levels of the neurotransmitter _______________. Verified answer. marketing. U.S. television inspires knockoffs around the world. But to be fair, many U.S. viewers don't realize that U.S. reality show hits such as Big Brother and American Idol started out as ...The right of a people to self-determination [1] is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a jus cogens rule), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter 's norms. [2] [3] It states that peoples, based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of ...Concept 1: Self Determination. Self determination is the process by which an country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government. So, the country breaks away from where it was attached to before and governs itself. An example of this concept in a non-geographical idea is in the book, Lord of the Flies, where ...One-year sales volume of four similar 20-oz. beverages on a college campus is shown. (a) Make a bar chart and describe it. (b) Assuming a uniform distribution on each begerage type, calculate expected frequencies for each class. (c) Perform the chi-square test for a uniform distribution.Political Geography - AP Human Geography, Chapter 8, Rubenstein. A country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types. A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than of the people. A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.Nov 7, 2016 · The Holocaust. Wilson’s Fourteen Points were based on a major idea—the principle of self-determination, under which nationalities would have their own states. The members of a nationality or ethnic group share a cultural heritage, often associated with the place of its members’ birth or descent. With the collapse of the Ottoman, Russian ... This AP® Human Geography study guide will explore those forces that divide (centrifugal) or unify (centripetal) a country. We will define centrifugal and centripetal forces and how they can originate in political, economic or cultural dimensions. We will also discuss why these two forces are vital to the survival of the state.Ethnicity. The identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of a common heredity and cultural traditions (e.g. Native Americans) Multi-Ethnic State. A state that contains more than one ethnicity. Race. The identity with a group of people that descended from a common ancestor (e.g. African Americans)Nov 7, 2016 · The Holocaust. Wilson’s Fourteen Points were based on a major idea—the principle of self-determination, under which nationalities would have their own states. The members of a nationality or ethnic group share a cultural heritage, often associated with the place of its members’ birth or descent. With the collapse of the Ottoman, Russian ... Dec 14, 2020 · Need help reviewing for AP HUG?! Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! A Packet made by Mr. Sinn to help you succeed not only on the AP Te... A nation is a large group of people who share a common history/cultural characteristics with a history of self-determination. A state is a geographic area organized into one political unit. Nations deal with groups of people with a culture tied to a hearth/homeland, while a state is a territory with a recognized government. Def: A state that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. Ex: The United Kingdom--It contains Irish, Welsh, and British people, yet they all coexist in peace. Term.Essentially, it refers to a people without a state. There are plenty of stateless nations in the world today. The Kurds are one of the largest stateless nations, with over 20 million people dispersed throughout six countries: Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Others include Palestinians, Basques, and Roma..

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